Uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws and
measure material thickness.
Employs X-rays or gamma rays to create images of the internal
structure of objects, revealing defects.
Involves applying magnetic fields to detect surface and near
surface defects in ferromagnetic materials.
Uses colored dye to identify surface-breaking defects by revealing
them through capillary action.
Utilizes electromagnetic induction to detect surface and near-surface
defects in conductive materials.